The presented material is clearly organized. Its structure greatly helps to comprehend the most sophisticated ideas. A term of cosmic rays is introduced so naturally that the complicated phenomenon can be easily understood (p. 154.) A mixture of scientific explanations and specific examples makes the book a useful source for a reader, whose intention is general concepts’ comprehension without deep mathematical analyses.
Authors’ style of writing deserves admiration. Both the language and descriptions are unique. Definitions are clear to the highest extent. It can be supposed that the authors are able to define almost every phenomenon of modern physics as easily as they do with regard to Earth–grazers.
Small asteroids that come comparatively near Earth are called “Earth-grazers” (p. 164.)
Sunday, December 2, 2007
"Frontiers II" by Janet & Isaac Asimov. Summary 4.
In the book “Frontiers II” (Truman Talley Books/Plume, 1993) by Janet and Isaac Asimov the authors describe potential dangers that are hidden in deep space and can considerably influence the Earth or crush it at once. The Asimovs explain the nature of cosmic rays and describe various kinds of meteors from an ice planet to a meteoroid, which is only several feet in size (cf. page 154-174.)
The authors introduce the definition of cosmic rays, stating that they are charged to the unimaginable extent energetic particles, which sources are supernovas’ explosions or black holes’ activity. The Asimovs clarify that the particles cross huge distances in interstellar space, preserving its high energy’s values and cutting almost everything on their way. The Asimovs add that our planet is constantly bombarded by these particles and the Earth’s atmosphere is the only hindrance, which makes the rays weaker and prevent them from making life creatures dead.
The authors represent a conjecture, which probably explains Uranus’ and Triton’s orbits abnormalities. They state that enormously-sized objects in comparison with ordinary planets are attracted from outer space. The authors underline that the objects are called Ice Planets; moreover, the Asimovs conclude that the abovementioned orbits’ abnormalities are results of the collision with Ice Planets.
The authors present a potential danger, which concerns various kinds of meteors and their interactions with the Earth. The Asimovs emphasize that a meteoroid, which is only ten kilometers in diameter, is able to cause fatal damage to our planet.
A. Asimov stresses the fact that it would be essential for humans to create a kind of “Space Watch” (A. & J. Asimov, 1993, Frontiers II page 166.) A. Asimov notes that he had been advocating this idea for thirty years. The author claims that the satellite will help to detect meteors, which can be considered dangerous for the Earth.
The Authors introduce an idea of using the nearest meteors as an extra source of various resources. They stress the fact that the resources on Earth are limited.
Adopted from: Asimov, I. & J. (Truman Talley Books/Plume, 1993), Frontiers II (pages 154-174)
The authors introduce the definition of cosmic rays, stating that they are charged to the unimaginable extent energetic particles, which sources are supernovas’ explosions or black holes’ activity. The Asimovs clarify that the particles cross huge distances in interstellar space, preserving its high energy’s values and cutting almost everything on their way. The Asimovs add that our planet is constantly bombarded by these particles and the Earth’s atmosphere is the only hindrance, which makes the rays weaker and prevent them from making life creatures dead.
The authors represent a conjecture, which probably explains Uranus’ and Triton’s orbits abnormalities. They state that enormously-sized objects in comparison with ordinary planets are attracted from outer space. The authors underline that the objects are called Ice Planets; moreover, the Asimovs conclude that the abovementioned orbits’ abnormalities are results of the collision with Ice Planets.
The authors present a potential danger, which concerns various kinds of meteors and their interactions with the Earth. The Asimovs emphasize that a meteoroid, which is only ten kilometers in diameter, is able to cause fatal damage to our planet.
A. Asimov stresses the fact that it would be essential for humans to create a kind of “Space Watch” (A. & J. Asimov, 1993, Frontiers II page 166.) A. Asimov notes that he had been advocating this idea for thirty years. The author claims that the satellite will help to detect meteors, which can be considered dangerous for the Earth.
The Authors introduce an idea of using the nearest meteors as an extra source of various resources. They stress the fact that the resources on Earth are limited.
Adopted from: Asimov, I. & J. (Truman Talley Books/Plume, 1993), Frontiers II (pages 154-174)
Sunday, November 25, 2007
Vocabulary Assignment 3.
1. Friction: the force which makes it difficult for one object to slide along the surface of another or to move through a liquid or gas
When two objects are rubbed together the friction produces heat.
2. Clump: to form a group, or to put things into a group
Everybody clumped together in doorways.
3. Rostrum: a small platform on which a person making a speech or a music conductor (= leader) stands
Candidates for the post stood on a rostrum.
4. Nuclei: specialized the central part of an atom, usually made up of protons and neutrons
Nuclei energy helps to prevent stars’ matter instability.
5. Shun: to avoid something
The President shuns publicity since yesterday’s press conference.
6. Swell: to become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amount
Attracting huge amounts of matter, a black hole inevitably swells.
7. Foreshadow: to act as a warning or sign of a future event
Nothing foreshadowed the catastrophe.
8. Grandiose: larger and containing more detail than necessary, or intended to seem important or splendid
They developed grandiose plans to avoid the financial collapse.
9. Gist: the most important pieces of information about something, or general information without details
The very gist of the article was unclear.
10. Pun: an amusing use of a word or phrase which has several meanings or which sounds like another word
The definitions were very similar to a kind of puns.
11. Digress: to move away from the main subject you are writing or talking about and to write or talk about something else
The orator digressed from his subject to discuss related ideas.
12. Pendulum: a device consisting of a weight on a stick or thread which moves from one side to the other, especially one which forms a part of some types of clocks
There is a famous theory in physics, which concerns mathematical pendulums.
13. Merge: to combine or join together, or to cause things to do this
Management decided to merge the companies.
14. Vanish: to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising way
The boy vanished while on his way home.
15. Impalpable: difficult to feel or understand
Most quantum physics’ laws are impalpable.
When two objects are rubbed together the friction produces heat.
2. Clump: to form a group, or to put things into a group
Everybody clumped together in doorways.
3. Rostrum: a small platform on which a person making a speech or a music conductor (= leader) stands
Candidates for the post stood on a rostrum.
4. Nuclei: specialized the central part of an atom, usually made up of protons and neutrons
Nuclei energy helps to prevent stars’ matter instability.
5. Shun: to avoid something
The President shuns publicity since yesterday’s press conference.
6. Swell: to become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amount
Attracting huge amounts of matter, a black hole inevitably swells.
7. Foreshadow: to act as a warning or sign of a future event
Nothing foreshadowed the catastrophe.
8. Grandiose: larger and containing more detail than necessary, or intended to seem important or splendid
They developed grandiose plans to avoid the financial collapse.
9. Gist: the most important pieces of information about something, or general information without details
The very gist of the article was unclear.
10. Pun: an amusing use of a word or phrase which has several meanings or which sounds like another word
The definitions were very similar to a kind of puns.
11. Digress: to move away from the main subject you are writing or talking about and to write or talk about something else
The orator digressed from his subject to discuss related ideas.
12. Pendulum: a device consisting of a weight on a stick or thread which moves from one side to the other, especially one which forms a part of some types of clocks
There is a famous theory in physics, which concerns mathematical pendulums.
13. Merge: to combine or join together, or to cause things to do this
Management decided to merge the companies.
14. Vanish: to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising way
The boy vanished while on his way home.
15. Impalpable: difficult to feel or understand
Most quantum physics’ laws are impalpable.
Critique
In the book “Black Holes and the Universe” (Cambridge University Press, 1990) I. Novikov describes the very black holes’ properties, which would make it possible to determine a black hole’s location. It seems clear that a black hole’s radiation, mass and binary structured existence make it easier to manage the searching puzzle. The author provides a great example, which concerns Cygnus X-1 (cf. page 61.) The star is supposed to be the first black hole, which nature is undoubted.
The most controversial point is Black Holes’ evaporation theory. The author presented the concept on a basis of vacuum theory (cf. page 66.) It certainly can be inferred that a black hole evaporates in an unimaginable periods of time. But the idea is not presented clear enough. The discrepancy regarding the fact, that a black hole attracts matter the whole life, remains unsolved. Black holes’ evaporation looks questionable because of an obvious difference between the currents of energy, which go toward and outward black hole’s center.
The most controversial point is Black Holes’ evaporation theory. The author presented the concept on a basis of vacuum theory (cf. page 66.) It certainly can be inferred that a black hole evaporates in an unimaginable periods of time. But the idea is not presented clear enough. The discrepancy regarding the fact, that a black hole attracts matter the whole life, remains unsolved. Black holes’ evaporation looks questionable because of an obvious difference between the currents of energy, which go toward and outward black hole’s center.
“Black Holes and the Universe" by Igor Novikov. Summary 3.
In the book “Black Holes and the Universe” (Cambridge University Press, 1990) by Igor Novikov the author represents scientific explanations for Black Holes’ existence, describes methods that would help to locate and identify a black hole in the space. I. Novikov provides an obvious correlation between quasars’ and giant black holes’ formation. The author refers to the famous Hawking theory, which stresses the fact that a black hole slowly evaporates and therefore can cease its existence. (cf. pages 51-74.)
The author claims that stars’ matter can exist in a stable equilibrium whenever the two opposing forces are equaled: gravity (attracts matter towards the center) and gasses’ pressure (makes star’s matter being expanded outwards the centre). I. Novikov introduces two critical values for a star’s mass from which its balance is scarcely possible. He states that stars which are at least 1.2 times solar mass can evolve into a neutron star, while the others, which have more than two solar masses, are able to give birth to a black hole. The author concludes that stars’ critical mass values help to predict and estimate probabilities of black holes’, neutron stars’ and white dwarfs’ formation.
I. Novikov emphasizes that black holes usually cannot be detected. He describes a method, which is used to define black holes’ locations. The author tells that it would be very reasonable to look for black holes’ candidates among binary stars. I. Novikov discusses how to determine a mass ratio in case of binary stars and then he reveals the crucial fact that black holes do not radiate in general terms. The author concludes that applications of the ideas helped to clarify the nature of Cygnus X-1, the star, which is considered to be a black hole.
I. Novikov represents the concept, which just goes beyond our imagination. The brightest objects in the space, quasars have giant black holes in their centers. The author mentions the center of our galaxy, where quasars are supposed to be located.
The author considers a revolutionary idea, which gist is black holes’ evaporation. He states that black holes’ strong magnetic fields help to produce particles of specific nature. The author says that the particles can leave for the space, taking a portion of a black hole’s mass with them.
Adopted from: Novikov, I (Cambridge University Press, 1990), Black Holes and the Universe, (pages 51-74.)
The author claims that stars’ matter can exist in a stable equilibrium whenever the two opposing forces are equaled: gravity (attracts matter towards the center) and gasses’ pressure (makes star’s matter being expanded outwards the centre). I. Novikov introduces two critical values for a star’s mass from which its balance is scarcely possible. He states that stars which are at least 1.2 times solar mass can evolve into a neutron star, while the others, which have more than two solar masses, are able to give birth to a black hole. The author concludes that stars’ critical mass values help to predict and estimate probabilities of black holes’, neutron stars’ and white dwarfs’ formation.
I. Novikov emphasizes that black holes usually cannot be detected. He describes a method, which is used to define black holes’ locations. The author tells that it would be very reasonable to look for black holes’ candidates among binary stars. I. Novikov discusses how to determine a mass ratio in case of binary stars and then he reveals the crucial fact that black holes do not radiate in general terms. The author concludes that applications of the ideas helped to clarify the nature of Cygnus X-1, the star, which is considered to be a black hole.
I. Novikov represents the concept, which just goes beyond our imagination. The brightest objects in the space, quasars have giant black holes in their centers. The author mentions the center of our galaxy, where quasars are supposed to be located.
The author considers a revolutionary idea, which gist is black holes’ evaporation. He states that black holes’ strong magnetic fields help to produce particles of specific nature. The author says that the particles can leave for the space, taking a portion of a black hole’s mass with them.
Adopted from: Novikov, I (Cambridge University Press, 1990), Black Holes and the Universe, (pages 51-74.)
Sunday, November 18, 2007
Vocabulary Assignment 2.
1. Spin: to turn around and around, especially fast
The Moon spins round the Earth.
2. Pulsar: a very small dense star that sends out radio waves
Scientists have not enough knowledge about pulsars.
3. Emit: to send out a beam, noise, smell or gas
Stars emit radiation.
4. Suffice: to be enough
Management have several hours for the discussion, it must certainly suffice.
5. Peculiarity: the quality of being strange or unfamiliar, or an unusual characteristic or habit
The problem’s peculiarity could not help making them baffled.
6. Unequivocal: total, or expressed in a clear and certain way
The elections revealed an unequivocal support to the President.
7. Ferociously: fiercely and violently
The female line behaves ferociously, defending her young.
8. Accretion: gradual increase or growth by the addition of new layers or parts
A black hole’s accretion, swallowing its victim, could be seen from the very outskirts of a galaxy.
9. Binary: consisting of two parts
Sirius is a binary star.
10. Blaze: to burn brightly and strongly
The Sun will be blazing for at least 4 billion years.
11. Quandary: a state of not being able to decide what to do about a situation in which you are involved
It is turned out so that the investigator is in quandary over which version is true.
12. Whop: to hit or defeat
The story whooped them completely.
13. Minestrone: a type of Italian soup containing a mixture of vegetables and pasta
During the first seconds after its birth the universe was similar a kind of minestrone.
14. Froth: to have (cause a liquid to) or produce a lot of small bubbles which often rise to the surface
Enormous amount of water was frothed after the explosion.
15. Speck: a very small mark, piece or amount
A speck of light can avoid neutron stars.
The Moon spins round the Earth.
2. Pulsar: a very small dense star that sends out radio waves
Scientists have not enough knowledge about pulsars.
3. Emit: to send out a beam, noise, smell or gas
Stars emit radiation.
4. Suffice: to be enough
Management have several hours for the discussion, it must certainly suffice.
5. Peculiarity: the quality of being strange or unfamiliar, or an unusual characteristic or habit
The problem’s peculiarity could not help making them baffled.
6. Unequivocal: total, or expressed in a clear and certain way
The elections revealed an unequivocal support to the President.
7. Ferociously: fiercely and violently
The female line behaves ferociously, defending her young.
8. Accretion: gradual increase or growth by the addition of new layers or parts
A black hole’s accretion, swallowing its victim, could be seen from the very outskirts of a galaxy.
9. Binary: consisting of two parts
Sirius is a binary star.
10. Blaze: to burn brightly and strongly
The Sun will be blazing for at least 4 billion years.
11. Quandary: a state of not being able to decide what to do about a situation in which you are involved
It is turned out so that the investigator is in quandary over which version is true.
12. Whop: to hit or defeat
The story whooped them completely.
13. Minestrone: a type of Italian soup containing a mixture of vegetables and pasta
During the first seconds after its birth the universe was similar a kind of minestrone.
14. Froth: to have (cause a liquid to) or produce a lot of small bubbles which often rise to the surface
Enormous amount of water was frothed after the explosion.
15. Speck: a very small mark, piece or amount
A speck of light can avoid neutron stars.
"Frontiers II" by Janet & Isaac Asimov. Summary 2.
In the book “Frontiers II” (Truman Talley Books/Plume, 1993) by Janet and Isaac Asimov the authors represent cosmology related theories that go far beyond our imagination. The Asimovs reveal mysteries of Sirius’ color, Millisecond Pulsars and our galaxy’s centre. I. & J Asimov represented a theory of Miniblack Holes; they describe collisions between ordinary stars and a black hole in general, consider Cosmic Soup, which is an early stage of Universe formation and ultimately state about human beings’ sad destiny with regard to looking for a peace of direct evidence that would have made galaxy formation processes clearer (cf. pages 297-300, 320-338.)
The authors tell the readers about Sirius star’s nature, they underline that in fact Sirius is represented by two stars: Sirius A and Sirius B. The Asimovs stress the fact that Sirius B is a white dwarf star, while ancient astronomers described Sirius as a red star. The authors emphasize that despite existence of several theories on the subject, the most reliable explanation for the discrepancy is an occasional mistake of ancient astronomers. The Asimovs guess that the ancient astronomers could refer to Arcturus, the star, which is similar to Sirius in brightness.
The authors describe Millisecond Pulsars’ nature. They claim that the pulsars are a kind of neutron stars with a mass of an ordinary star but an extremely lower size. The Asimovs state that the star can be no more than ten miles across, then they imply the fact of the pulsars’ huge density, which can be less only than Black Holes’ one. The authors reveal a puzzle of the pulsars’ name: the stars with its unreal huge density and small size have unprecedented spins. The Asimovs tell that the pulsar, which rotates at a velocity of one full round per one thousandth of a second, is called the Millisecond Pulsar.
The authors mark that our sector of galaxy is scarcely filled with stars, while the nearer to the galaxy centre the dancer it becomes with regard to stars concentration. The Asimovs imply that the cause for the phenomenon could be a super massive Black Hole in the centre of galaxy. Then they present a theory which suggests Black Holes existence in almost every galaxy’s centres. The authors explain that the fact could have confirmed ideas on unimaginable brightness of our galaxy centre and provided a perfect explanation for a special kind of X-ray, which is caught by our radio- telescopes and simultaneously similar to one that is being produced during a star and a black hole collision.
The authors consider A. P. Trofimenko’s speculations. The Asimovs describe Trofimenko’s theory, which suggest existence of Miniblack Holes. They state that the theory describes explanations for some geological phenomena and claim that a cause for them is a Miniblack hole in the centre of Earth. Referring to Trofimenko’s theory, the authors state that a considerably larger density can be explained by the same phenomena in some districts. They provide an example of volcanoes’ eruptions and state that the pressure of such an eruption could be described by the same hypothesis. The Asimovs conclude that the theory is interesting and worth investigating but it is scarcely true.
The authors describe dangerous and mortal interaction between a star and a black hole. They represent a dramatic picture where a black hole attracts star’s matter and make the star exploded and dead. The Asimovs underline that there is no star which could have survived after such a collision. The authors refer to our galaxy’s centre where a super massive black hole interacts with stars continuously, making them crashed into particles, swallowing them and extracting huge amount of energy into the space
The Asimovs represent a term “Cosmic Soup”. They explain it with regard to the universe formation process. The authors imply that an unordered mixture of particles of all kinds is the very soup, which existed at the first second after the Big Bang. The authors state that a great number of interactions at a huge velocity produced more complicated elements before the universe’s notable expansion.
The authors conclude that the scientists have to obtain indirect evidence. The Asimovs claim that mankind can not receive information from the very centre of our galaxy. They explain that it would take a probe 60 000 years to reach us, if it runs at the velocity of light. The authors state that we have to keep on searching for indirect proves, which would reveal mysteries of the space.
Adopted from: Asimov, I. & J. (Truman Talley Books/Plume, 1993), Frontiers II (pages 297-300, 320-338.)
The authors tell the readers about Sirius star’s nature, they underline that in fact Sirius is represented by two stars: Sirius A and Sirius B. The Asimovs stress the fact that Sirius B is a white dwarf star, while ancient astronomers described Sirius as a red star. The authors emphasize that despite existence of several theories on the subject, the most reliable explanation for the discrepancy is an occasional mistake of ancient astronomers. The Asimovs guess that the ancient astronomers could refer to Arcturus, the star, which is similar to Sirius in brightness.
The authors describe Millisecond Pulsars’ nature. They claim that the pulsars are a kind of neutron stars with a mass of an ordinary star but an extremely lower size. The Asimovs state that the star can be no more than ten miles across, then they imply the fact of the pulsars’ huge density, which can be less only than Black Holes’ one. The authors reveal a puzzle of the pulsars’ name: the stars with its unreal huge density and small size have unprecedented spins. The Asimovs tell that the pulsar, which rotates at a velocity of one full round per one thousandth of a second, is called the Millisecond Pulsar.
The authors mark that our sector of galaxy is scarcely filled with stars, while the nearer to the galaxy centre the dancer it becomes with regard to stars concentration. The Asimovs imply that the cause for the phenomenon could be a super massive Black Hole in the centre of galaxy. Then they present a theory which suggests Black Holes existence in almost every galaxy’s centres. The authors explain that the fact could have confirmed ideas on unimaginable brightness of our galaxy centre and provided a perfect explanation for a special kind of X-ray, which is caught by our radio- telescopes and simultaneously similar to one that is being produced during a star and a black hole collision.
The authors consider A. P. Trofimenko’s speculations. The Asimovs describe Trofimenko’s theory, which suggest existence of Miniblack Holes. They state that the theory describes explanations for some geological phenomena and claim that a cause for them is a Miniblack hole in the centre of Earth. Referring to Trofimenko’s theory, the authors state that a considerably larger density can be explained by the same phenomena in some districts. They provide an example of volcanoes’ eruptions and state that the pressure of such an eruption could be described by the same hypothesis. The Asimovs conclude that the theory is interesting and worth investigating but it is scarcely true.
The authors describe dangerous and mortal interaction between a star and a black hole. They represent a dramatic picture where a black hole attracts star’s matter and make the star exploded and dead. The Asimovs underline that there is no star which could have survived after such a collision. The authors refer to our galaxy’s centre where a super massive black hole interacts with stars continuously, making them crashed into particles, swallowing them and extracting huge amount of energy into the space
The Asimovs represent a term “Cosmic Soup”. They explain it with regard to the universe formation process. The authors imply that an unordered mixture of particles of all kinds is the very soup, which existed at the first second after the Big Bang. The authors state that a great number of interactions at a huge velocity produced more complicated elements before the universe’s notable expansion.
The authors conclude that the scientists have to obtain indirect evidence. The Asimovs claim that mankind can not receive information from the very centre of our galaxy. They explain that it would take a probe 60 000 years to reach us, if it runs at the velocity of light. The authors state that we have to keep on searching for indirect proves, which would reveal mysteries of the space.
Adopted from: Asimov, I. & J. (Truman Talley Books/Plume, 1993), Frontiers II (pages 297-300, 320-338.)
Sunday, November 11, 2007
Vocabulary Assignment.
1. Fuse: to (cause to) melt (together) especially at a high temperature
During a chemical change between two matters it sometimes happens so that the first one is fused by the second one.
2. Vicinity: the immediately surrounding area
There is a shop in the immediate vicinity of the university.
3. Outskirts: the areas that form the edge of something
Students were going into the trip in the outskirts of Toronto.
4. Constellation: any of the groups of stars in the sky which seem from Earth to form a pattern and have been given names
Tremendous variety of constellation of stars was discovered since modern telescopes are introduced.
5. Glamour: the special excitement and attractiveness of a person, place or activity
Anybody could not help being impressed by the glamour of the city.
6. Repel: to have a magnetic field which pushes away something with a similar magnetic field
Nothing can be repelled from a black hole.
7. Tizzy: a temporary state of anxiety and confusion
Her appearance turned the guests into a tizzy.
8. Fission: the splitting of the nucleus of an atom, which results in the release of a large amount of energy, or the division of a living cell as part of reproduction
Nuclear fission is the very keystone, which explains phenomena of nuclear energy’s power.
9. Residue: the part that is left after the main part has gone or been taken away, or a substance that remains after a chemical process
A residue is a usual product of evaporation.
10. Grain: a very small piece of a hard substance
Atoms are the very grains, a solid object consists of.
11. Raw: (of food) not cooked
Wild animals prefer raw foods.
12. Tentacle: one of the long thin arm-like parts of some sea creatures
Some animals have more then eight tentacles.
13. Fertility: Syn: abundance , fecundity , productiveness
Some artificially produced matters can affect animals’ fertility.
14. Mower: a machine for cutting especially grass
Mower’s noise is not the very thing, which one likes to hear in the morning.
15. Nap: a short sleep, especially during the day
Having a nap after lunch is a common habit.
During a chemical change between two matters it sometimes happens so that the first one is fused by the second one.
2. Vicinity: the immediately surrounding area
There is a shop in the immediate vicinity of the university.
3. Outskirts: the areas that form the edge of something
Students were going into the trip in the outskirts of Toronto.
4. Constellation: any of the groups of stars in the sky which seem from Earth to form a pattern and have been given names
Tremendous variety of constellation of stars was discovered since modern telescopes are introduced.
5. Glamour: the special excitement and attractiveness of a person, place or activity
Anybody could not help being impressed by the glamour of the city.
6. Repel: to have a magnetic field which pushes away something with a similar magnetic field
Nothing can be repelled from a black hole.
7. Tizzy: a temporary state of anxiety and confusion
Her appearance turned the guests into a tizzy.
8. Fission: the splitting of the nucleus of an atom, which results in the release of a large amount of energy, or the division of a living cell as part of reproduction
Nuclear fission is the very keystone, which explains phenomena of nuclear energy’s power.
9. Residue: the part that is left after the main part has gone or been taken away, or a substance that remains after a chemical process
A residue is a usual product of evaporation.
10. Grain: a very small piece of a hard substance
Atoms are the very grains, a solid object consists of.
11. Raw: (of food) not cooked
Wild animals prefer raw foods.
12. Tentacle: one of the long thin arm-like parts of some sea creatures
Some animals have more then eight tentacles.
13. Fertility: Syn: abundance , fecundity , productiveness
Some artificially produced matters can affect animals’ fertility.
14. Mower: a machine for cutting especially grass
Mower’s noise is not the very thing, which one likes to hear in the morning.
15. Nap: a short sleep, especially during the day
Having a nap after lunch is a common habit.
"Frontiers II" by Janet & Isaac Asimov. Summary.
In the book “Frontiers II” Janet and Isaac Asimov considered scientific theories with regard to unimaginable phenomena in cosmology (cf. pages 300-320.) The authors describe star formation, two types of supernovas, a method of measuring distances in space, star clusters, our galaxy’s neighbors, universe formation and dark matter concept.
J. and I. Asimov imply that it is rather difficult to construct a sufficient theory on stars formation without an opportunity to look at the process. They referred to Colin Aspin’ and his colleagues’ research, which concerned a discovery of a young star. The abovementioned scientists stated that the discovered star is probably undergoing the very formation. The Asimovs present a kind of generalization for a complicated process, which can be understood by a tyro in cosmology.
The authors tell about a star since its formation and until the very twilight of its life. Supernova’ related theories are also presented in the book. The Asimovs discuss Supernova I and Supernova II and emphasize that the second type can be a cause for a black hole appearance, while the first one is able to initiate new solar systems’ creation.
The authors present a famous theory which helps to evaluate distances in the space. They consider a hot question about galaxies’ expansion, the methods to estimate its velocity. The Authors have uninitiated readers been explained “watch in the past” theory. They remind that it sometimes takes the light billion of years to reach us.
The authors claim that stars and galaxies are not alone. It can happen so, that about thousands and thousands of stars share the same area of space. The Asimovs tell the readers about similar examples with regard to our own galaxy. Milky Way is a part of a galaxy cluster, which is called “Local Group”.
The Asimoves reveal our universe formation’s process, its shape and forces that could greatly influence its form. The authors introduce the dark matter concept, which is the most reliable for the universe’s shape explanation. They state that scientists do not know too much about the dark matter to apply its properties more successfully to explain universe’s formation and present shape.
Adopted from: Aimov, I. & J. (1993). Frontiers II (pages 300-320.)
J. and I. Asimov imply that it is rather difficult to construct a sufficient theory on stars formation without an opportunity to look at the process. They referred to Colin Aspin’ and his colleagues’ research, which concerned a discovery of a young star. The abovementioned scientists stated that the discovered star is probably undergoing the very formation. The Asimovs present a kind of generalization for a complicated process, which can be understood by a tyro in cosmology.
The authors tell about a star since its formation and until the very twilight of its life. Supernova’ related theories are also presented in the book. The Asimovs discuss Supernova I and Supernova II and emphasize that the second type can be a cause for a black hole appearance, while the first one is able to initiate new solar systems’ creation.
The authors present a famous theory which helps to evaluate distances in the space. They consider a hot question about galaxies’ expansion, the methods to estimate its velocity. The Authors have uninitiated readers been explained “watch in the past” theory. They remind that it sometimes takes the light billion of years to reach us.
The authors claim that stars and galaxies are not alone. It can happen so, that about thousands and thousands of stars share the same area of space. The Asimovs tell the readers about similar examples with regard to our own galaxy. Milky Way is a part of a galaxy cluster, which is called “Local Group”.
The Asimoves reveal our universe formation’s process, its shape and forces that could greatly influence its form. The authors introduce the dark matter concept, which is the most reliable for the universe’s shape explanation. They state that scientists do not know too much about the dark matter to apply its properties more successfully to explain universe’s formation and present shape.
Adopted from: Aimov, I. & J. (1993). Frontiers II (pages 300-320.)
Monday, November 5, 2007
The posting. About me information.
My name is Evgeniy, I am fond of reading science fiction, psychological drama books and historical novels. I will try to make this blog interesting.
So, thanks for your attention and let us start...
So, thanks for your attention and let us start...
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